On a dark, rainy night in April 1985…

Posted on July 7, 2012 by Michal Necasek

Update: Since the original document disappeared, a local copy is now provided.

When researching the history of computing, from time to time an unexpected gem turns up. The copy of Ray Ozzie’s notes from a 1985 meeting with Microsoft is one of such gems.

Between 2006 and 2010, Ray Ozzie was the chief software architect at Microsoft, a role he took over from Bill Gates. But in the early 1980s, Ozzie worked at Lotus on the Symphony product, and in 1984 left Lotus to start a company called Iris Associates. Iris worked on a software project which (several years later) became known as Lotus Notes.

At the beginning of April 1985, Ray Ozzie (Iris) met with Microsoft in Bellevue, Washington (Microsoft moved to Redmond in early 1986). From the notes it is obvious that Iris had an unusual level of access; besides providing answers from managers and engineers, Microsoft also disclosed the bulk of its org chart as well as internal project scheduling data, including unannounced projects. Continue reading →

Posted in DOS, Microsoft, Windows | 39 Comments

Minor site updates and summer time

Posted on June 19, 2012 by Michal Necasek

Summer is upon us, and as a consequence, site updates will be less frequent in the coming weeks.

Regular visitors may have noticed that after a long delay, the DOS history article on DOS 4 was finally published. Researching DOS 4 (apparently known as DOS 3.4 right up to the actual release) turned out to be surprisingly difficult… although “a lot of work” may be more accurate than “difficult”. DOS 4 was released at a time when the PC market was well established, with fully developed trade press. That meant there were lots of sources talking about DOS 4.

At the same time, DOS 4 was less than wildly popular and many authors more or less ignored it. That made finding accurate information about DOS 4 difficult, although there were certainly lots of dubious rumors floating around. Continue reading →

Posted in Site Management | 5 Comments

Redirectors and DOS 3.0

Posted on June 3, 2012 by Michal Necasek

When attempting to determine when exactly the network redirector interface was introduced in DOS, the situation seems to be quite clear. Available literature agrees that DOS 3.1 (released in April 1985 by IBM, possibly earlier by Microsoft OEMs) was when redirector support was introduced. Advanced MS-DOS Programming says: “MS-DOS version 3.1, which was released in November 1984, added support for the sharing of files and printers across the network.” The Wikipedia article on PC DOS (as of May 30, 2012) claims that “Planned networking capabilities in DOS 3.00 were judged too buggy to be usable and Microsoft disabled them prior to the OS’s release.” The famous Ralf Brown’s Interrupt List (RBIL) documents redirector hooks (INT 2Fh/11h) as being called by the “DOS 3.1+ kernel”. Undocumented DOS (2nd Edition, page 494) mentions that “Microsoft has used the redirector interface since DOS 3.1”. Microsoft’s documentation for the MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions 2.1 (MSCDEX) says that the “product uses the Microsoft Networks interface to MS-DOS so it requires MS-DOS version 3.1 or higher”.

It all seems very clear… except the above statements are either misleading or just plain untrue. The redirector interface was fully present in DOS 3.0, released in August 1984. Also included was the internal DOS services interface (INT 2Fh/12h), support for querying the SDA (Swappable Data Area), and minor other functionality related to networking. Continue reading →

Posted in DOS, Networking, PC history | 14 Comments

MS-DOS OAKs

Posted on May 25, 2012 by Michal Necasek

Prior to 1991, Microsoft did not sell MS-DOS to end users directly. Although MS-DOS 3.2 (1986) and later was available to system builders as a “packaged product”, most PC users would get an OEM version of MS-DOS with a new computer. Before 1986, that was the only way to get MS-DOS at all. Or DOS in general, if PC DOS is counted as a very special OEM version of MS-DOS. But where did the OEM versions come from?

Microsoft shipped DOS to OEMs in the form of the MS-DOS OEM Adaptation Kit, or OAK. The OAK consisted of binary files, source files, object files, and electronic documentation required to “install” MS-DOS on (or port to) an OEM platform. Over time, as the PC hardware was converging and DOS was evolving, the amount of code OEMs needed to adapt was getting smaller and the bulk of OEM versions of MS-DOS consisted of unmodified binaries provided by Microsoft. In fact Microsoft did not want OEMs to make significant changes, since Microsoft wanted to avoid unnecessary differences between various OEM releases of MS-DOS. Continue reading →

Posted in Development, DOS, Microsoft | 11 Comments

Early Microsoft Networks

Posted on May 18, 2012 by Michal Necasek

Microsoft networking technologies, often referred to as SMB and/or CIFS, have a very long history, longer than one might realize. While Microsoft’s networking products only became somewhat widespread around 1993-1994 with Windows for Workgroups, their history goes back to 1984-1985.

Microsoft Networks, or MS-NET, is tied to MS-DOS 3.0/3.1 and closely related to IBM’s PC Network Program, originally announced on August 14, 1984 (together with the PC/AT) and released on April 2, 1985 (together with PC DOS 3.1).

Thanks to the excellent ACT/Apricot website, some of the very early Microsoft networking products have come to light and can be examined. The following should be considered a work in progress and although the information presented here should be accurate, it is incomplete.

Continue reading →

Posted in DOS, Microsoft, Networking | 17 Comments

An old idea: x86 hardware virtualization

Posted on May 13, 2012 by Michal Necasek

It is well known that virtualization of the x86 architecture is an old idea. The Intel 386 processor (1985) introduced the “Virtual 8086” (V86) mode, enabling users to run real-mode operating systems as a task within a 32-bit protected-mode operating systems.

A more complete virtualization of the x86 architecture which includes 16-bit and 32-bit protected mode is likewise relatively old. One of the better known products which provided full x86 virtualization on x86 systems, VMware Workstation, dates back to 1999. Emulation on other architectures is even older, such as Virtual PC for the PowerPC Mac (1997).

On x86 architecture hosts, virtualization had to contend with numerous “holes” in the 32-bit x86 instruction set which made virtualization difficult and/or slow. Some of the more common issues are the POPF instruction which may quietly fail to update the interrupt flag, or the SMSW instruction which lets the guest operating system see the true state of control bits without allowing the hypervisor to trap it. To overcome these and other issues, Intel designed the VT-x (also known as VMX) extension to the x86 architecture, and AMD developed its own AMD-V hardware virtualization support. Specifications for VT-x and AMD-V were only published in 2005 and 2006, respectively; it took several more years for x86/x64 CPUs with hardware virtualization support to become mainstream. Yet the idea of complete x86 hardware virtualization is much, much older—by more than 15 years! Continue reading →

Posted in 386, Intel, Virtualization | 14 Comments

Watcom Win386

Posted on May 4, 2012 by Michal Necasek

When Windows 3.0 came out in 1990, the press loved it and users bought it in droves. Unfortunately, technically it was at best a step sideways, and Windows 3.0 was the cause of many sleepless nights for application developers. Even though Windows 3.0 in Enhanced mode took advantage of 386 features, those did little for Windows applications. While Windows 3.0 implemented DPMI and enabled 32-bit DOS extended programs to run alongside Windows, the Windows API itself was firmly rooted in 16-bit past and was of little help to would-be 32-bit Windows application developers.

In early 1991, Microsoft started making noise about Windows NT and Win32. However, the common knowledge at the time was that NT “might not ship before 1992” (in reality it shipped in mid-1993), and at the end of 1991, Microsoft simply did not have anything beyond demos for 32-bit Windows application writers. However, others did. Continue reading →

Posted in 386, Development, Windows | 13 Comments

DOS boot hang update

Posted on April 27, 2012 by Michal Necasek

Additional information came to light regarding the hangs with DOS 2.x/3.x when booting from a disk with large number of sectors per track.

The problem appears to have been noticed sometime in 1987—perhaps. The MS-DOS OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) for MS-DOS 3.21 from May 1987 includes the buggy boot sector prone to hangs. However, the OAK for MS-DOS 3.30 from July 1987 contains a fix for the problem. That might suggest the problem was fixed around June 1987, but there’s more to the story. First a long digression…

The source code for SYS.COM in the MS-DOS 3.30 OAK shows that in June 1986(!), IBM made a change to only require the first 2,048 bytes (or four 512-byte sectors) of IBMBIO.COM to be contiguous. There’s interesting logic in the code which assumes (not unreasonably) that if IBMBIO.COM exists on the target disk, it is in the correct place and even if it’s the PC DOS 1.x version, covers enough contiguous space. Continue reading →

Posted in DOS, IBM, Microsoft | 4 Comments

Solaris 2.5.1 and 2.6 crashes on modern Intel CPUs

Posted on April 20, 2012 by Michal Necasek

I recently found that Solaris 2.6 and 2.5.1 does not work when run in a VM on a modern Intel CPU (Sandy Bridge generation Core i7), or to be exact fails most of the time (about nine times out of ten) when nested paging is used. The symptom is Solaris hanging or rebooting immediately after the kernel is loaded, even before the kernel banner is printed. When nested paging (or hardware virtualization) isn’t used, there’s no problem.

After managing to boot Solaris 2.6 on a physical Core i7 system (not so easy, since a boot floppy plus CD is required!), it turned out that the exact same thing happens, and this is thus not a virtualization issue. But what’s going on there? And why would nested paging fail when the older, slower virtualization methods work? Thanks to the debugging capabilities built into Solaris, it’s possible to answer most of those questions. Continue reading →

Posted in Solaris, VirtualBox, Virtualization, x86 | 27 Comments

DOS 4.0, bum rap, and mismatched expectations

Posted on April 15, 2012 by Michal Necasek

While researching the history of DOS extenders, I came across an article written in 1991 and explaining why OS/2 2.0 was going to be horribly incompatible with Windows 3.x. To support the argument, the following statement was used: “When IBM releases a complex product that has undergone only a relatively brief beta-testing period, what you get is DOS 4.0 — the first version of DOS written primarily by IBM rather than Microsoft, which didn’t work well with most non-IBM memory boards. (Microsoft corrected the problem later with MS-DOS 4.01.)” This quote is interesting on many levels and illustrative of the low quality of PC press at the time — though whether it has gotten any better is an open question. Continue reading →

Posted in IBM, PC press | 13 Comments